Romania has a corporate tax rate of 16%, which is one of the lowest in the European Union. Companies that operate under VAT have to pay tax on purchases at 19%. Certain services, like those related to foodstuffs, pharmaceutical products, medical equipment for disabled persons, books, newspapers and periodicals, hotel accommodation, and others, benefit from a 9% VAT rate.
Preparing financial statements for an offshore company In case the government would not demand you to keep draft and submit bookkeeping and annual reports, would you still do that voluntarily and what would be the quality of your company’s bookkeeping? Nowadays, numerous tax haven jurisdictions have no requirements regarding the submission of annual or monthly tax returns and reports: offshore companies have an autonomous freedom of choice to keep the documents as they wish. However, more and more offshore jurisdictions have started modernizing and updating their legislation, gradually introducing a compulsory requirement to keep financial records and documents, as the beneficial owner of such company would be the one, who benefits the most out of that. This aspect can play a crucial role, especially when an offshore company is being owned and managed by several individuals, thus providing more efficient system of monitoring assets and supervising decisions that are made.
For example, on Seychelles, companies are required to keep drafts, without providing bookkeeping records for state authorities that subsequently allows monitoring the economic status of the company, in order to provide owners with actual information at all times. However, there is no requirement to submit any financial documents publicly, as well as there are no requirements regarding statutory audit. In theory, local tax authority may request the company to provide and/or improve its records. Nevertheless, such situation may occur under circumstances provided by legal acts only and it usually can be foreseen and avoided.
As we have just mentioned, tax havens (BVI, Panama, Seychelles, Nevis, Marshall Islands, Dominica, etc.,) do not require filing annual financial statements within the local authorities. However, nowadays many offshore companies choose to prepare annual financial statements for IBCs and tax haven companies voluntarily. The reasons for such actions are as follows.
Legal provisions of many offshores require keeping proper records of bookkeeping by the company. Profit & loss statements, general ledger and balance sheet of the company must always be available upon request by the registered agent. All bookkeeping documents confirming transactions must as well be kept by the company: invoices, contracts, transportation documents, bank statements, etc. Such provisions exist in (BVI, Seychelles, Nevis, Belize and many other offshore jurisdictions. Please note that financial records of International Business Companies are allowed to be stored in any location of the world, not necessarily within the registered office.
Your bank may ask for the financial statement of your offshore company. As banks toughen their requirements towards tax havens, one of the ways to keep your corporate banks account for such company is to present accounting statements upon request. Frequently, banks require the most basic accounting reports: profit & loss statement and balance sheet.
Your own control over financial operations are the most obvious reason to maintain account records for any business.
Preparing financial statements for an offshore company In case the government would not demand you to keep draft and submit bookkeeping and annual reports, would you still do that voluntarily and what would be the quality of your company’s bookkeeping? Nowadays, numerous tax haven jurisdictions have no requirements regarding the submission of annual or monthly tax returns and reports: offshore companies have an autonomous freedom of choice to keep the documents as they wish. However, more and more offshore jurisdictions have started modernizing and updating their legislation, gradually introducing a compulsory requirement to keep financial records and documents, as the beneficial owner of such company would be the one, who benefits the most out of that. This aspect can play a crucial role, especially when an offshore company is being owned and managed by several individuals, thus providing more efficient system of monitoring assets and supervising decisions that are made.
For example, on Seychelles, companies are required to keep drafts, without providing bookkeeping records for state authorities that subsequently allows monitoring the economic status of the company, in order to provide owners with actual information at all times. However, there is no requirement to submit any financial documents publicly, as well as there are no requirements regarding statutory audit. In theory, local tax authority may request the company to provide and/or improve its records. Nevertheless, such situation may occur under circumstances provided by legal acts only and it usually can be foreseen and avoided.
As we have just mentioned, tax havens (BVI, Panama, Seychelles, Nevis, Marshall Islands, Dominica, etc.,) do not require filing annual financial statements within the local authorities. However, nowadays many offshore companies choose to prepare annual financial statements for IBCs and tax haven companies voluntarily. The reasons for such actions are as follows.
Legal provisions of many offshores require keeping proper records of bookkeeping by the company. Profit & loss statements, general ledger and balance sheet of the company must always be available upon request by the registered agent. All bookkeeping documents confirming transactions must as well be kept by the company: invoices, contracts, transportation documents, bank statements, etc. Such provisions exist in (BVI, Seychelles, Nevis, Belize and many other offshore jurisdictions. Please note that financial records of International Business Companies are allowed to be stored in any location of the world, not necessarily within the registered office.
Your bank may ask for the financial statement of your offshore company. As banks toughen their requirements towards tax havens, one of the ways to keep your corporate banks account for such company is to present accounting statements upon request. Frequently, banks require the most basic accounting reports: profit & loss statement and balance sheet.
Your own control over financial operations are the most obvious reason to maintain account records for any business.
The average annual temperature in Ukraine is 8.3 °C. The average annual rainfall in Ukraine is 565 mm/year. Ukraine emits 6.3 metric tons per capita of CO₂.
Nominee services are typically provided by an intermediary to conceal the beneficial owner's business. Nominee services relate to nominee shareholders and nominee directors. As a rule, the nominee service should also include a PO box service (office address for correspondence purposes). Nominee services are suitable for large corporate structures for tax planning purposes and often involve international elements. For example, the beneficial owner is located in a different country than the company itself.
Nominee shareholder services are normally performed on the basis of a declaration of trust whereby the nominee declares that they hold shares on behalf of someone else and have no authority to make decisions in the company, vote at a shareholders meeting or receive dividends, unless: the customer has expressly instructed it. The nominee has no rights to sell shares unless requested by the client. However, the Client and the Agent may agree on specific tasks for the Agent to perform. Such duties are often delegated to lawyers and attorneys who are professionals in the field and can protect the interests of the client.
Nominated director, also called 'shadow director', who normally only appears for official records, while the company is in effect ruled by the client by power of attorney. Based on the authorization, the customer can open a bank account and assume full management and control of the company.
Benefits of nominee services The benefits of using nominee services are evident in cases where a business owner wishes to maintain their privacy and reduce access to official records or does not want their name to be associated with the business in question. In addition, there may be situations where an individual has restrictions on performing the proposed activity or where the law requires local management, such as a local secretary in Hong Kong. When quick action is required to register a company abroad in the event the client is unable to travel, it is often more convenient to temporarily appoint a local company director. When intending to open a business in a foreign jurisdiction such as the British Virgin Islands, Belize or Hong Kong, it can be physically difficult to appear in person.
Nominee services usually guarantee confidentiality and anonymity. However, disclosure is sometimes made to banks or investigative authorities during court proceedings.
The nominee services are often used for tax planning and wealth protection purposes. If the ultimate beneficiary of the full corporate structure resides in low-tax jurisdictions, it should enjoy the benefits of the low-tax regime for the dividends received from the profits generated.
Other benefits derive from the country of registration and are often related to financial statements and reports. In some tax haven jurisdictions there is no requirement to file the annual form, hence low auditing and accounting requirements which offer certain advantages if the individual is willing to increase privacy and confidentiality and hide their assets.
A joint-stock company is a form of corporation that acquires legal personality from the date of its incorporation and is commonly used for the conduct of business. The company's share capital consists of the total contributions of its shareholders. The shares can be publicly traded, which provides an incentive for investors needed for further business development. At the time of the incorporation of the company, the shareholders can declare it a closed company, which means that shares can be transferred to any person, but the current shareholders must have a prior disclaimer. At the time of incorporation, shares may be issued in a variety of forms, including bearer, registered, or preferred.
Functions of a joint-stock company The ultimate goal of all businesses is to run a business and make a profit. A joint-stock company is a useful type of company for attracting investors and additional funding in return for the investor receiving shares that give the right to dividends. Stock corporations often grow into large corporations. They are most commonly found in the financial services sector – credit institutions, banks, insurance companies and other payment and financial institutions are very often public companies. These companies obviously need financial stability and plentiful funds in an emergency.
Advantages and disadvantages of a joint stock company The advantage of this type of incorporation concerns the liability thresholds. In principle, the shareholders of a stock corporation are only liable up to the amount of their contribution to the company. So if the company goes bankrupt, creditors cannot claim compensation or seek damages from the shareholders personally. Conversely, the company is not liable for the liabilities of its partners. The strict separation between shareholder and corporate liability follows the principle of the legal person.
Another benefit is the ability to raise the necessary funds to start the business. In the start-up phase, it can be difficult for a company to obtain seed capital. However, if few business partners make an investment to achieve a single goal, the business start-up plans are likely to be more realistic. At the same time, joint investments are directly linked to joint profit sharing. So if the company is making a profit, the dividends should be paid pro rata to each shareholder.
The duties and powers of a board of directors of a company are based on the applicable commercial law and the articles of association of the company. A public company typically has a two-tiered board of directors, which helps to control day-to-day decision-making and prevent mistakes, but a complicated governance structure can hamper the speed of decision-making at times when rapid response is required.
If you are planning to set up a company in the form of a public company, we strongly recommend that you contact us beforehand. We will inform you comprehensively and in detail about tax planning options and the most efficient corporate structure for your company.
Types of public companies Corporations can be both public and private. Partnerships are companies owned by private individuals, regardless of whether they have one or more partners. In a private company, shares can be transferred to anyone the current shareholder elects and usually shares are transferred under the terms of a share purchase agreement. Shareholder status grants the right to actively participate in the business and decision-making process.
Public companies do not necessarily have to be owned by the government or any other governmental entity. A public joint-stock company is a company whose shares can be freely traded on the open market through a stock exchange, and therefore the list of shareholders is not fixed and can be changed flexibly. One of the leading exchanges is called NASDAQ. A stock exchange acts as an intermediary and publishes information about the value of the stock. If a public company needs more funds, it can issue additional shares and offer them for trading. Accordingly, further funds are invested in the company. Anyone can track the stock's value on a public website, which provides an objective indicator of the company's financial status. For example, if the company is not profitable and is likely to get into trouble, the stock value will decline.
The term corporation can also be used to refer to a corporation that is owned by the government or controlled in whole or in part by a public entity. This classification is based on the origin of the company's funds. Often companies providing public services such as heating, water, sewerage and public transport are incorporated in the form of joint stock companies and such companies are owned by the local community. In some cases, 51% of the shares in a public limited company are owned by the state and the remaining shares are offered for public trading on the stock exchange.
A limited partnership is a type of legal entity in which there are at least two partners, one of whom has limited liability and one who does not. The number of partners can be greater than two, but each is either a personally liable partner (limited liability) or a limited partner or silent partner (limited liability). It is important to note that for a limited partnership to be considered a limited partnership, there must be both general partners and silent partners. As the name suggests, a limited partnership is a form of partnership, meaning there are at least two parties (partners) who agree to work together and share liability and income to pursue a common goal. While some aspects of the design depend on the type of partnership (e.g. liability in a limited partnership), the actual extent of cooperation, the extent of liability and the distribution of income can be regulated in a partnership agreement according to the wishes of the partners.
Owner of a limited partnership By definition, the owners of a limited partnership fall into two categories: general partners and dormant or limited partners. Each party must be represented by at least one partner. The difference between the parties lies in the extent of their participation in governance, liability and sharing of corporate profits.
Complementary General partners of a limited partnership are those who have unlimited liability for the company's liabilities. You have the right to participate in the management of the company, to vote on decisions and to have a say in the overall course of business development. General partners are usually also those who represent the company towards third parties, as only they can enter into contracts with third parties on behalf of the company.
Limited Partners Limited partners or silent partners in a limited partnership are those whose liability for the liabilities of the partnership is limited to the amount of their contributions. In other words, their liability does not exceed the amount they have invested in the company. As a result, limited partners are better protected in the event of poor business planning and failure, but their influence within the partnership is also limited. Limited partners cannot participate in the management of the company, i. H. they can invest, but they cannot control the day-to-day operations or management of their investments.
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04.04.2024 18:09